History
While Tokugawa Mitsukuni reportedly ate ramen in the late 17th century, it was only during the Meiji period that the dish became well known . The introduction of American and European cuisine, which demanded increased production of meat products, played a large role in ramen's increased popularity.
Though of origin, it is unclear when ramen was introduced to Japan. Even the etymology of the term "ramen" is a topic of debate. One hypothesis and probably the most credible is that "ramen" is the Japanese pronunciation of the 拉麺 , meaning "" . A second hypothesis proposes 老麺 as the original form, while yet another states that ramen was initially 鹵麺 , noodles cooked in a thick, starchy sauce. A fourth hypothesis is 撈麵 : 撈 means to "dredge up" and refers to the method of cooking these noodles by immersing them in boiling water before dredging them up with a wire basket.
In the early Meiji period, ramen was called '' soba'' but today ''chūka soba'' is a more common and politically correct term. By 1900, restaurants serving Chinese cuisine from and Shanghai offered a simple ramen dish of noodles , a few toppings, and a broth flavored with salt and pork bones. Many Chinese also pulled portable food stalls, selling ramen and dumplings to workers. By the mid 1900s, these stalls used a type of a musical horn called a ''charumera'' to advertise their presence, a practice some vendors still retain via a loudspeaker and a looped recording. By the early Shōwa period, ramen had become a popular dish when eating out.
After World War II, cheap flour imported from the U.S. swept the Japanese market. At the same time, millions of Japanese troops had returned from China and continental East Asia. Many of these returnees had become familiar with Chinese cuisine and subsequently set up Chinese restaurants across Japan. Eating ramen, while popular, was still a special occasion that required going out.
In 1958, instant noodles were invented by the late Momofuku Ando, founder and chairman of Nissin Foods. Named the greatest Japanese invention of the 20th century in a Japanese poll, instant ramen allowed anyone to make this dish simply by adding boiling water.
Beginning in the 1980s, ramen became a Japanese cultural icon and was studied from many perspectives. At the same time, local varieties of ramen were hitting the national market and could even be ordered by their regional names. A opened in Yokohama in 1994.
Types
A wide variety of ramen exists in Japan, with geographical and vendor-specific differences even in varieties that share the same name. Ramen can be broadly categorized by its two main ingredients: noodles and soup.
Noodles
Most ''men'', or noodles, are made from four basic ingredients: wheat flour, salt, water, and which is essentially a type of alkaline mineral water, containing sodium carbonate and usually potassium carbonate, as well as sometimes a small amount of phosphoric acid. Originally, ''kansui'' was named after the water from Inner Mongolia's Lake Kan which contained large amounts of these minerals and was said to be perfect for making these noodles. Making noodles with ''kansui'' lends them a yellowish hue as well as a firm texture. For a brief time after World War II, low-quality ''kansui'' that was tainted was sold, though ''kansui'' is now manufactured according to standards. Eggs may also be substituted for ''kansui''. Some ramen is made with neither eggs nor ''kansui'' and should only be used for yakisoba. The packages containing the noodles and the mixture are typically popular for children.
Ramen comes in various shapes and lengths. They may be fat, thin, or even ribbon-like, as well as straight or wrinkled.
Soup
Ramen soup is generally made from stock based on chicken or pork, combined with a variety of ingredients such as kombu , katsuobushi , niboshi , beef bones, shiitake, and onions, and then flavored with the likes of salt, miso, or soy sauce.
The resulting combination is generally divided into four categories :
* Shio ramen is probably the oldest of the four and, like the ''maotang'' . It is the lightest ramen, a pale, clear, yellowish broth made from plenty of salt and any combination of chicken, vegetables, fish, and seaweed. Occasionally pork bones are also used, but they are not boiled as long as they are for tonkotsu ramen, so the soup remains light and clear. Shio is generally the healthiest kind of ramen; fat content tends to be low, and fresh vegetables like cabbage, leeks, onions, and bamboo shoots typically adorn the simple soup and curly noodles. Chāshū is sometimes swapped out for lean chicken meatballs, and pickled plums and kamaboko are popular toppings as well. Noodle texture and thickness varies among shio ramen, but they are usually straight rather than curly.
* Tonkotsu ramen has usually a cloudy white colored broth. It is similar to the Chinese ''baitang'' and is a thick broth made by boiling pork bones, fat, and collagen over high heat for hours on end, suffusing the broth with a hearty pork flavor and a creamy consistency that rivals milk or melted butter or gravy . Most shops, but not all, blend this pork broth with a small amount of chicken and vegetable stock and/or soy sauce. Currently the latest trend in tonkotsu toppings is ''māyu'' , a blackish, aromatic oil made from either charred crushed garlic or Sesame seeds. The noodles are thin and straight. It is a specialty of Kyūshū and is often served with beni shoga .
*Shōyu ramen has typically a brown and clear color broth, based on a chicken and vegetable stock with plenty of soy sauce added for a soup that’s tangy, salty, and savory yet still fairly light on the palate. Shōyu ramen usually has curly noodles rather than straight ones, but this is not always the case. It is often adorned with marinated bamboo shoots or ''menma'' , green onions, ''kamaboko'' , ''nori'' , boiled eggs, bean sprouts and/or black pepper; occasionally the soup will also contain chili oil or Chinese spices, and some shops serve sliced beef instead of the usual chāshū.
* Miso ramen is a relative newcomer, having reached national prominence around 1965. This uniquely Japanese ramen, which was developed in Hokkaidō, features a broth that combines copious amounts of miso and blended with oily chicken or fish broth – and sometimes with tonkotsu or lard – to create a thick, nutty, slightly sweet and very hearty soup. Miso ramen broth tends to have a robust, tangy flavor, so it stands up to a variety flavorful toppings: spicy bean paste or ''tōbanjan'' , butter and corn, leeks, onions, bean sprouts, ground pork, cabbage, sesame seeds, white pepper, and chopped garlic are common. Noodles are typically thick, curly, and slightly chewy. It is often topped with sweetcorn and butter.
Seasonings commonly added to ramen are black pepper, butter, chili pepper, sesame seeds, and crushed garlic. Soup recipes and methods of preparation tend to be closely guarded secrets.
Some restaurants also offer a system known as ''kae-dama'' , where customers who have finished their noodles can request a "refill" to be put into their remaining soup.
Regional variations
While standard versions of ramen are available throughout Japan since the Taisho era, the last few decades have shown a proliferation of regional variations. Some of these which have gone on to national prominence are:
Sapporo, from the capital of Hokkaidō, is especially famous for its ramen. Most people in Japan associate Sapporo with its rich ''miso'' ramen which was invented there and which is ideal for Hokkaidō's harsh, snowy winters. Sapporo miso ramen is typically topped with sweetcorn, butter, beansprouts, finely chopped pork, and garlic, and sometimes local seafood such as scallop, squid, and crab.
Kitakata in northern Honshū is known for its rather thick, flat, curly noodles served in a pork-and-niboshi broth. The area within its former city boundaries has the highest per-capita number of ramen establishments. Ramen has such prominence in the region that locally, the word ''soba'' usually refers to ramen, and not to actual soba which is referred to as ''nihon soba'' .
What is known as Tokyo style ramen consists of slightly thin, curly noodles served in a soy-flavoured chicken broth. The broth typically has a touch of dashi, as old ramen establishments in Tokyo often originate from soba eateries. Standard toppings on top of chopped scallion, menma, and sliced pork are kamaboko, egg, nori, and spinach. Ikebukuro, Ogikubo and Ebisu are three areas in Tokyo known for their ramen.
Ie-kei ramen is from Yokohama and consists of thick, straight-ish noodles served in a soy-pork broth.
ramen originates from Hakata district of city. It has a rich, milky, pork-bone ''tonkotsu'' broth and rather thin, non-curly and resilient noodles. Often, distinctive toppings such as beni shoga , sesame seeds, and picked greens are left on tables for customers to serve themselves. Ramen s in Hakata and Tenjin are well-known within Japan. Recent ramen trends have made Hakata ramen one of the most popular types of ramen in Japan, and these days several chain restaurants specializing in Hakata ramen can be found all over the country. and Gyoza are popular side orders.
Related dishes
There are a number of related, noodle dishes in Japan. The following are often served alongside ramen in ramen establishments. They do not include noodle dishes considered traditionally Japanese, such as soba or udon, which are almost never served in the same establishments as ramen.
* champon. Champon is topped with a variety of ingredients, mostly seafood, and covered in a starchy sauce.
* ''Abura soba'' . Essentially ramen and toppings served without the soup, but with a small quantity of oily soy-based sauce instead.
* ''Tsuke-men'' . The noodles and soup are served in separate bowls. The diner dips the noodles in the soup before eating. Can be served hot or chilled.
* ''Tantan-men'' . Japanese version of dan dan noodles. Ramen in a reddish, spicy chilli and sesame soup, usually containing minced pork, garnished with chopped scallion and and occasionally topped with the likes of spinach.
* ''Hiyashi-chūka'' . Also known as ''reimen'', esp. in western Japan. A summer dish of chilled ''ramen'' on a plate with various toppings and served with a vinegary soy dressing and ''karashi'' . It was produced in a Chinese restaurant the Ryutei in Sendai.
Ramen restaurants in Japan
Varieties of restaurants like ''izakayas'', karaoke halls and amusement parks offer ramen, but then the best quality ramen are only available in ''ramen-ya'' restaurants. These restaurants generally boast of 10 to 20 seats at a bar and three or four tables. The menus in these restaurants do not have much variety as most of the ''ramen-ya'' restaurants mainly offer ramen dishes. Some of the dishes available in a ramen-ya restaurant are ramen, fried rice that includes ''chahan'', ''yakimeshi'', ''gyoza'' or Chinese dumplings and beer.
Ramen outside Japan
Ramen has become popular in China in recent years where it is known as ''rì shì lā miàn'' . Popular Japanese ramen chains serve ramen alongside distinctly such as tempura and yakitori, something which would be seen as odd in Japan.
Wagamama, a successful pan-Asian chain with establishments mainly in European cities, is known for its noodle soups marketed as ramen .
''Ramyon'' is the Korean version of ramen. Ramyon in Korea is a popular instant meal. Korean ramyon is known to be hot and spicy, as its soup is usually flavored with chilly peppers. There are many varieties of Korean ramyon, such as kimchi-flavored, seafood-flavored and beef-flavored. Some restaurants serve variations of ramyon with different flavors. It is usually served with vegetables, such as carrots and green onions, and eggs on top.
In Central Asia the dish has thicker noodles, is significantly spicier, and is known as ''laghman''.
In North America, Japanese noodles were imported starting in the 1970s bearing the name "ramen" and today it most commonly refers to instant noodles, although many restaurants that specialize in Japanese-style ramen exist, especially in California, and also in other urban centres with large demand for ramen such as Vancouver, Toronto, New York or Seattle. It gained popularity as a Japanese dish of noodle soup which sold so well in the United States in the late 1970s that imports from Japan were supplanted by manufacturers by the mid-1980s as a popular food item for tight income buyers. Today, due to its very low cost, ramen has become characterized in the United States as a very cheap food eaten by people such as students or teenagers. A packet of instant ramen in a U.S. supermarket often costs as little as 20 . Some generic brands often cost as little as 8 cents per packet, or are sold in bulk. In America, ramen is becoming increasingly popular, especially among teenagers and college students.
Ramen is also widely sold in Mexico, usually in a disposable cup in which it can be cooked in a microwave oven. The ubiquitous stock flavors, sold by several companies, are chicken, beef, "oriental" and shrimp. An even more specialized local variation is cheese-flavored ramen, which contains classic instant ramen in an instant sauce similar to the cheese sauce in instant mac and cheese. A streetcart with ramen cups in all these flavors and a microwave is a common sight in Mexico City, and one of the cheapest prepared meals to be found there. Ramen is available in other Latin American countries but not nearly as popular.
Health concerns
A serving of ramen noodle is high in carbohydrates and low in vitamins and minerals. Ramen soup tends to be high in sodium. Ramen noodles themselves contain very little sodium so one can avoid drinking the soup if a low-sodium diet is recommended for health reasons.
Many Japanese people also believe that ramen soup contains a high amount of fat and also that pre-fried fat from the noodles seeps into the soup. However, a typical serving of ramen, even when drinking all of the soup, has less food energy than a fast-food menu consisting of a hamburger, soda, and fries.
Ramen Museum
The "Shin-Yokohama Raumen Museum" is a unique museum about ramen. In a gallery on the first floor, the museum presents the history of ramen in Japan, including the big success of instant ramen. It displays the variety of noodles, soups, toppings and bowls used across Japan, and shows how the noodles are made. On the two basement floors, visitors can explore a 1:1 replica of some streets and houses of Shitamachi, the old town of Tokyo, of around the year 1958, when the popularity of ramen was rapidly increasing. Nine ramen restaurants can be found there, each featuring a ramen dish from a different region of Japan. For visitors who wish to try multiple ramen dishes, the restaurants offer "mini ramen" small portions. Tickets for the meals are purchased at vending machines in front of each restaurant before entering.
Canned ramen
In Akihabara, vending machines distribute warm ramen in an aluminum can. Known as らーめん缶 , it is gaining public attention. It is produced by a popular Ramen restaurant and contains noodles, soup, menma, and pork. It is intended as a quick snack, and includes a small folded plastic fork. There are few kinds of flavor such as tonkotsu and curry.
As an emergency ration
On October 23 2004, a big earthquake occurred in Niigata prefecture, northwest Japan. Many people suffered as a result of the devastating earthquake, many people lost their homes and provisions were in short supply. After watching news of the quake on television, the owner of Mennya Musashi, a ramen restaurant in Tokyo, took his staff to Niigata and offered his ramen to the people there. Ramen has since been considered as an emergency food source for disasters such as this.
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